# Building an Authorization System in Zend Framework

## Introduction to Authorization

After a user has been identified as being authentic, an application can go about its business of providing some useful and desirable resources to a consumer. In many cases, applications might contain different resource types, with some resources having stricter rules regarding access. This process of determining who has access to which resources is the process of "authorization". Authorization in its simplest form is the composition of these elements:

- the identity whom wishes to be granted access

- the resource the identity is asking permission to consume

- and optionally, what the identity is privileged to do with the resource

In Zend Framework, the `Zend_Acl` component handles the task of building a tree of roles, resources and privileges to manage and query authorization requests against.

## Basic Usage of Zend_Acl

When using `Zend_Acl`, any models can serve as roles or resources by simply implementing the proper interface. To be used in a role capacity, the class must implement the `Zend_Acl_Role_Interface`, which requires only `getRoleId()`. To be used in a resource capacity, a class must implement the `Zend_Acl_Resource_Interface` which similarly requires the class implement the `getResourceId()` method.

Demonstrated below is a simple user model. This model can take part in our ACL system simply by implementing the `Zend_Acl_Role_Interface`. The method `getRoleId()` will return the id "guest" when an ID is not known, or it will return the role ID that was assigned to this actual user object. This value can effectively come from anywhere, a static definition or perhaps dynamically from the users database role itself.

    class Default_Model_User implements Zend_Acl_Role_Interface
    {
        protected $_aclRoleId = null;

        public function getRoleId()
        {
            if ($this->_aclRoleId == null) {
                return 'guest';
            }

            return $this->_aclRoleId;
        }
    }

While the concept of a user as a role is pretty straight forward, your application might choose to have any other models in your system as a potential "resource" to be consumed in this ACL system. For simplicity, we'll use the example of a blog post. Since the type of the resource is tied to the type of the object, this class will only return 'blogPost' as the resource ID in this system. Naturally, this value can be dynamic if your system requires it to be so.

    class Default_Model_BlogPost implements Zend_Acl_Resource_Interface
    {
        public function getResourceId()
        {
            return 'blogPost';
        }
    }

Now that we have at least a role and a resource, we can go about defining the rules of the ACL system. These rules will be consulted when the system receives a query about what is possible given a certain role, resources, and optionally a privilege.

Lets assume the following rules:

    $acl = new Zend_Acl();

    // setup the various roles in our system
    $acl->addRole('guest');
    // owner inherits all of the rules of guest
    $acl->addRole('owner', 'guest');

    // add the resources
    $acl->addResource('blogPost');

    // add privileges to roles and resource combinations
    $acl->allow('guest', 'blogPost', 'view');
    $acl->allow('owner', 'blogPost', 'post');
    $acl->allow('owner', 'blogPost', 'publish');

The above rules are quite simple: a guest role and an owner role exist; as does a blogPost type resource. Guests are allowed to view blog posts, and owners are allowed to post and publish blog posts. To query this system one might do any of the following:

    // assume the user model is of type guest resource
    $guestUser = new Default_Model_User();
    $ownerUser = new Default_Model_Owner('OwnersUsername');

    $post = new Default_Model_BlogPost();

    $acl->isAllowed($guestUser, $post, 'view'); // true
    $acl->isAllowed($ownerUser, $post, 'view'); // true
    $acl->isAllowed($guestUser, $post, 'post'); // false
    $acl->isAllowed($ownerUser, $post, 'post'); // true

As you can see, the above rules exercise whether owners and guests can view posts, which they can, or post new posts, which owners can and guests cannot. But as you might expect this type of system might not be as dynamic as we wish it to be. What if we want to ensure a specific owner actual owns a very specific blog post before allowing him to publish it? In other words, we want to ensure that only post owners have the ability to publish their own posts.

This is where assertions come in. Assertions are methods that will be called out to when the static rule checking is simply not enough. When registering an assertion object this object will be consulted to determine, typically dynamically, if some roles has access to some resource, with some optional privlidge that can only be answered by the logic within the assertion. For this example, we'll use the following assertion:

    class OwnerCanPublishBlogPostAssertion implements Zend_Acl_Assert_Interface
    {
        /**
         * This assertion should receive the actual User and BlogPost objects.
         *
         * @param Zend_Acl $acl
         * @param Zend_Acl_Role_Interface $user
         * @param Zend_Acl_Resource_Interface $blogPost
         * @param $privilege
         * @return bool
         */
        public function assert(Zend_Acl $acl,
                               Zend_Acl_Role_Interface $user = null,
                               Zend_Acl_Resource_Interface $blogPost = null,
                               $privilege = null)
        {
            if (!$user instanceof Default_Model_User) {
                throw new Exception(__CLASS__
                                  . '::'
                                  . __METHOD__
                                  . ' expects the role to be'
                                  . ' an instance of User');
            }

            if (!$blogPost instanceof Default_Model_BlogPost) {
                throw new Exception(__CLASS__
                                  . '::'
                                  . __METHOD__
                                  . ' expects the resource to be'
                                  . ' an instance of BlogPost');
            }

            // if role is publisher, he can always modify a post
            if ($user->getRoleId() == 'publisher') {
                return true;
            }

            // check to ensure that everyone else is only modifying their own post
            if ($user->id != null && $blogPost->ownerUserId == $user->id) {
                return true;
            } else {
                return false;
            }
        }
    }

To hook this into our ACL system, we would do the following:

    // replace this:
    //   $acl->allow('owner', 'blogPost', 'publish');
    // with this:
    $acl->allow('owner',
                'blogPost',
                'publish',
                new OwnerCanPublishBlogPostAssertion());

    // lets also add the role of a "publisher" who has access to everything
    $acl->allow('publisher', 'blogPost', 'publish');

Now, anytime the ACL is consulted about whether or not an owner can publish a specific blog post, this assertion will be run. This assertion will ensure that unless the role type is 'publisher' the owner role must be logically tied to the blog post in question. In this example, we check to see that the ownerUserId property of the blog post matches the id of the owner passed in.